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گرامرسطح B2جمله و بند

نقل‌قول غیرمستقیم: گفت که…

رساندن حرف کسی دیگر، چه جمله‌ی خبری باشد، چه سؤال و چه درخواست؛ با عقب‌رفتن زمان فعل که انگلیسی انجام می‌دهد و فارسی نه.

جمله و بندسطح B2۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۵

متن آموزش

دوستتان زنگ می‌زند و می‌گوید: “I'm stuck in traffic. I'll be there in twenty minutes.” بعداً کسی می‌پرسد چرا دیر کرده و شما نقل می‌کنید: “He said he was stuck in traffic and he would be here in twenty minutes.”

دقت کنید که زمان فعل‌ها عقب رفت. فارسی این کار را نمی‌کند؛ می‌گوییم «گفت تو ترافیکه» و فعل همان حال می‌ماند. برای همین این بخشی است که زبان‌آموزها بیشتر از همه فراموشش می‌کنند.

عقب رفتن زمان

مستقیمغیرمستقیم
“I work here.”She said she worked there.
“I'm leaving.”He said he was leaving.
“I saw it.” / “I've seen it.”She said she had seen it.
“I will help.”He said he would help.
“I can come.”She said she could come.

کلمه‌های زمان و مکان هم معمولاً عوض می‌شوند: today → that day، tomorrow → the next day، here → there، this → that.

اگر چیزی هنوز درست است، می‌شود زمان را نگه داشت: She said she lives in Karaj. (هنوز آنجا زندگی می‌کند.)

say یا tell؟

  • say چیزی را (به کسی): He said (to me) that he was busy.
  • tell به کسی چیزی را: He told me that he was busy.

“He said me” ✗ و “He told that…” ✗ از رایج‌ترین اشتباه‌ها هستند. قاعده‌ی ساده: بعد از tell همیشه یک شخص می‌آید.

نقل سؤال

علامت سؤال، do/did و ترتیب سؤالی حذف می‌شوند:

  • “Where do you live?” ← She asked me where I lived.
  • “Are you coming?” ← He asked if / whether I was coming. (پرسید که می‌آیم یا نه.)

نقل درخواست و دستور

tell / ask + شخص + to + فعل: “Please sit down.” ← She asked us to sit down. “Don't touch it!” ← He told me not to touch it. (گفت بهش دست نزنم.)

این‌ها را نقل کنید

  1. Sara: “I'm going to Mashhad tomorrow.”
  2. Ali: “I've finished the project.”
  3. My mum: “Did you eat breakfast?”
  4. The teacher: “Close your books.”
  5. Reza: “I can't find my wallet.”
  6. The receptionist: “What's your name?”
جواب‌ها
  1. Sara said she was going to Mashhad the next day.
  2. Ali said he had finished the project.
  3. My mum asked me if I had eaten breakfast.
  4. The teacher told us to close our books.
  5. Reza said he couldn't find his wallet.
  6. The receptionist asked me what my name was.