نقلقول غیرمستقیم: گفت که…
رساندن حرف کسی دیگر، چه جملهی خبری باشد، چه سؤال و چه درخواست؛ با عقبرفتن زمان فعل که انگلیسی انجام میدهد و فارسی نه.
متن آموزش
دوستتان زنگ میزند و میگوید: “I'm stuck in traffic. I'll be there in twenty minutes.” بعداً کسی میپرسد چرا دیر کرده و شما نقل میکنید: “He said he was stuck in traffic and he would be here in twenty minutes.”
دقت کنید که زمان فعلها عقب رفت. فارسی این کار را نمیکند؛ میگوییم «گفت تو ترافیکه» و فعل همان حال میماند. برای همین این بخشی است که زبانآموزها بیشتر از همه فراموشش میکنند.
عقب رفتن زمان
| مستقیم | غیرمستقیم |
|---|---|
| “I work here.” | She said she worked there. |
| “I'm leaving.” | He said he was leaving. |
| “I saw it.” / “I've seen it.” | She said she had seen it. |
| “I will help.” | He said he would help. |
| “I can come.” | She said she could come. |
کلمههای زمان و مکان هم معمولاً عوض میشوند: today → that day، tomorrow → the next day، here → there، this → that.
اگر چیزی هنوز درست است، میشود زمان را نگه داشت: She said she lives in Karaj. (هنوز آنجا زندگی میکند.)
say یا tell؟
- say چیزی را (به کسی): He said (to me) that he was busy.
- tell به کسی چیزی را: He told me that he was busy.
“He said me” ✗ و “He told that…” ✗ از رایجترین اشتباهها هستند. قاعدهی ساده: بعد از tell همیشه یک شخص میآید.
نقل سؤال
علامت سؤال، do/did و ترتیب سؤالی حذف میشوند:
- “Where do you live?” ← She asked me where I lived.
- “Are you coming?” ← He asked if / whether I was coming. (پرسید که میآیم یا نه.)
نقل درخواست و دستور
tell / ask + شخص + to + فعل: “Please sit down.” ← She asked us to sit down. “Don't touch it!” ← He told me not to touch it. (گفت بهش دست نزنم.)
اینها را نقل کنید
- Sara: “I'm going to Mashhad tomorrow.”
- Ali: “I've finished the project.”
- My mum: “Did you eat breakfast?”
- The teacher: “Close your books.”
- Reza: “I can't find my wallet.”
- The receptionist: “What's your name?”
جوابها
- Sara said she was going to Mashhad the next day.
- Ali said he had finished the project.
- My mum asked me if I had eaten breakfast.
- The teacher told us to close our books.
- Reza said he couldn't find his wallet.
- The receptionist asked me what my name was.